Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline compound that plays a significant role in chemistry. It forms when ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid, resulting in a versatile salt used in various applications. Commonly found in fertilizers, batteries, and cold medicines, ammonium chloride dissolves easily in water and has a salty taste. Its unique properties make it an essential substance in both industrial and laboratory settings, highlighting the diverse nature of chemical compounds and salts.

What is Ammonium Chloride?

Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline salt with the chemical formula NH₄Cl. It is composed of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). This compound is commonly used in fertilizers, as an electrolyte in dry cell batteries, and in various industrial applications. In chemistry, it is known for its ability to produce cooling effects when dissolved in water due to its endothermic dissolution process. Ammonium chloride is also utilized in medicine as an expectorant to relieve coughs

Chemical Names and Formulas

Property	Value
Formula	NH₄Cl
Hill formula	ClH₄N
Name	Ammonium chloride
Alternate names	Amchlor, Ammoneric, Ammonium muriate, Azanium chloride, Darammon, Sal ammoniac, Salammonite, Salmiac

Structure of Ammonium Chloride

The structure of ammonium chloride consists of an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) and a chloride ion (Cl⁻). The ammonium ion is formed by a nitrogen atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms in a tetrahedral shape. In ammonium chloride, these ions are held together by ionic bonds, creating a crystal lattice structure. The positively charged ammonium ions and negatively charged chloride ions arrange themselves in a repeating pattern, which helps form the solid crystalline structure of the compound.

Preparation of Ammonium Chloride

To prepare ammonium chloride, you can react ammonia (NH₃) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). When these two substances mix, they form ammonium chloride and water. This reaction is straightforward and commonly used in laboratories. The chemical equation for this reaction is:

NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

In a simple setup, you can bubble ammonia gas into a solution of hydrochloric acid. As the ammonia dissolves, it reacts with the hydrochloric acid to produce ammonium chloride, which then precipitates out of the solution as a white solid. You can filter and dry the solid to obtain pure ammonium chloride.

Physical Properties of Ammonium Chloride

Property	Description
Appearance	White crystalline solid
Molecular Formula	NH₄Cl
Molar Mass	53.49 g/mol
Density	1.527 g/cm³
Melting Point	338°C (640°F)
Solubility in Water	Highly soluble
Odor	Odorless

Chemical Properties of Ammonium Chloride

Reaction with Water

• Ammonium chloride dissolves in water to form ammonium (NH₄⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) ions. This process is endothermic, meaning it absorbs heat from the surroundings.
• Equation: NH₄Cl → NH₄⁺ + Cl⁻

Reaction with Bases

• Ammonium chloride reacts with strong bases like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce ammonia gas (NH₃), water, and sodium chloride (NaCl).
• Equation: NH4Cl + NaOH → NH₃ + H2O + NaCl

Thermal Decomposition

• When heated, ammonium chloride decomposes into ammonia gas (NH₃) and hydrogen chloride gas (HCl).
• Equation: NH₄Cl → NH₃ + HCl

Ammonium Chloride Chemical Compound Information

Chemical Identifiers

Property	Value
CAS registry number	12125-02-9
Beilstein number	4371014
PubChem compound ID	25517
PubChem substance ID	24855359
SMILES identifier	[NH4+].[Cl-]
InChI identifier	InChI=1/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3/fCl.H4N/h1h;1H/q-1;+1
RTECS number	BP4550000
MDL number	MFCD00011420

NFPA Label

Property	Value
NFPA Health Rating	1
NFPA Fire Rating	0
NFPA Reactivity Rating	0

Uses of Ammonium Chloride

Fertilizers

Farmers use ammonium chloride as a nitrogen source in fertilizers. It helps plants grow by providing essential nutrients.

Medical Applications

Doctors use ammonium chloride in medicine as an expectorant. It helps relieve coughs by thinning mucus in the respiratory tract.

Industrial Applications

Industries use ammonium chloride in various applications, including metalwork. It serves as a flux to clean metals during soldering and welding.

Batteries

Manufacturers use ammonium chloride as an electrolyte in dry cell batteries. It helps conduct electricity and power devices like flashlights and radios.

Food Additive

The food industry uses ammonium chloride as a food additive, particularly in the production of certain types of licorice. It enhances flavor and extends shelf life.

Laboratory Reagent

Scientists use ammonium chloride as a reagent in laboratories. It helps in various chemical reactions and experiments, such as buffer solutions and protein purification.

Benefits of Ammonium Chloride

1. Agricultural Benefits: Provides essential nitrogen for plant growth.
2. Medical Benefits: Acts as an effective expectorant in medicine.
3. Industrial Benefits: Cleans metals during soldering and welding.
4. Electrical Benefits: Conducts electricity in dry cell batteries.
5. Food Industry Benefits: Enhances flavor and extends shelf life in foods.
6. Laboratory Benefits: Supports various chemical reactions in laboratories.

Side Effects of Ammonium Chloride

1. Respiratory Issues: Can cause coughing and throat irritation if inhaled.
2. Skin Irritation: May cause skin irritation upon contact.
3. Eye Irritation: Can lead to eye irritation and redness if it comes into contact with eyes.
4. Gastrointestinal Problems: May cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain if ingested.
5. Metabolic Acidosis: Prolonged exposure or high doses can lead to metabolic acidosis, a condition where the body produces too much acid.
6. Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as rashes, itching, or swelling.